The Wappo language constituted a very divergent form of speech of the Yukian linguistic family.
Tribes by Language
At the time of Columbus’ arrival, America had a population of 75,000,000 people that spoke 2,000 languages in North, Central, and South America. In the world today, approximately 6,000 languages are spoken, and only about 600 languages are expected to survive this century. There are more than 800 indigenous languages in the Western Hemisphere. In the US, 165 native american languages are still spoken.
Seventy-four native american languages are almost extinct, with only a handful of elderly speakers. Fifty-eight indigenous languages have fewer than 1,000 fluent speakers, twenty-five have 1,000-10,000 speakers, and only 8 native american languages have more than 10,000 speakers.
Language scholars estimate that before the time of Columbus, over 300 languages were spoken in North America north of Mexico. Since then, that number has dropped to about 175 indigenous languages. One estimate predicts that number will dwindle to less than 20 by the year 2050. When our children were sent to government boarding schools, they were severely punished for speaking our native languages, and over time many of them were nearly forgotten. Many indigenous languages of the Americas are endangered, and many others are extinct, with no living native speakers. We believe that languages have a spirit all their own.It is our vision for the future to once again hear whole generations of native people fluently speaking thier native languages. For as long as one person speaks a language, that language’s people and traditions and history will survive and thrive.
The classification below is a composite of Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), and Mithun (1999).
Native American Languages in the United States
Adai †
Algic
Carolina Algonquian (United States) (also known as Pamlico, Pamtico, Pampticough, Christianna Algonquian) †
Central Algonquian(23)
Atikamekw (Canada)
Moose Cree (Canada)
Northern East Cree (Canada)
Plains Cree (Canada)
Southern East Cree (Canada)
Swampy Cree (Canada)
Woods Cree (Canada)
Montagnais (Canada)
Naskapi (Canada)
Ojibwa (8)
Algonquin (Canada)
Chippewa (United States)
Central Ojibwa (Canada)
Eastern Ojibwa(Canada)
Northwestern Ojibwa (Canada)
Severn Ojibwa (Canada)
Western Ojibwa (Canada)
Ottawa (Canada)
Kickapoo (United States)
Menominee (United States)
Meskwaki (United States)
Miami (United States) (aka Illinois and Illinois-Miami) (Officially extinct but a revitalization program is in progress since an extensive dictionary exists)
Potawatomi (United States)
Shawnee (United States)
Delaware
Munsee
Unami (also known as Lenape) †
Northern Unami
Southern Unami
Unalachtigo
Eastern Abnaki,(United States)(also known as Abenaki or Abenaki-Penobscot)
Penobscot (also known as Old Town or Old Town Penobscot)
Caniba
Aroosagunticook
Pigwacket
Etchemin (uncertain) †
Loup A (probably Nipmuck) (uncertain) †
Loup B (Uncertain) †
Western Abnaki (Canada) (also known as Abnaki, St. Francis, Abenaki, or Abenaki-Penobscot)
Malecite-Passamaquoddy (Canada) (also known as Maliseet-Passamquoddy)
Maliseet (also known as Malecite)
Passamaquoddy
Massachusett (United States) †
North Shore (United States)
Natick (United States)
Wampanoag (United States)
Nauset (United States)
Cowesit (United States)
Micmac (Canada and United States) (also known as Mic Mac, Mi’kmaq, Mi’gmaq, or Mi’kmaw)
Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett (United States) (aka Mohegan-Pequot-Montauk)
Mohegan †
Montauk
Narragansett †
Niantic
Pequot †
Shinnecock (uncertain) †
Munsee (Canada)
Nanticoke (United States)
Nanticoke †
Piscataway (also known as Conoy)
Choptank
Powhatan (United States) (also known as Virginia Algonquian) †
Quiripi-Naugatuck-Unquachog
Quiripi (also known as Quinnipiak or Connecticut) †
Naugatuck †
Unquachog †
Arapaho (3)
Arapaho (Heenetiit) (United States)
Gros Ventre (United States)
Nawathinehena (United States)
Blackfoot (Canada) and Blackfeet (United States)
Cheyenne (United States)
Mahican (also known as Mohican) (Extinct)
Moravian
Stockbridge
Piscataway (United States)
Unclassified (1)
Lumbee (United States)
Wiyot(1)
Wiyot (United States) †
Yurok(1)
Yurok (United States)
Alsean (2) †
Atakapa †
Beothuk †
Caddoan (Macro-Siouan?)(5)
Northern Caddoan (4)
Pawnee-Kitsai (3)
Kitsai (1) (a.k.a. Kichai)
Kitsai (USA)
Pawnee (2)
Arikara (USA) (a.k.a. Ree)
Pawnee (USA) (dialects: South Bend, Skiri (a.k.a. Skidi or Wolf Band))
Wichita (1)
Wichita (USA) (dialects: Wichita proper, Waco, Towakoni)
Southern Caddoan (1)
Caddo (USA) (dialects: Kadohadacho, Hasinai, Natchitoches, Yatasi)
Cayuse †
Chimakuan (2)
Chimakum (USA)
Quileute (USA)
Chimariko †
Chinookan (3)
Kathlamet (a.k.a. Katlamat, Cathlamet)
Lower Chinook (a.k.a. Coastal Chinook)
Clatsop (USA)
Shoalwater (a.k.a. Chinook proper) (USA)
Upper Chinook (a.k.a. Kiksht, Columbia Chinook)
Cascades (USA)
Clackamas (USA)
Hood River (USA)
Multnomah (USA)
Wasco-Wishram (2)
Wasco (USA)
Wishram (USA)
White Salmon (USA)
Chitimacha †
Chumashan (7)
Barbareño (USA)
Chumash (USA) †
Cruzeño (USA)
Ineseño (USA)
Obispeño (USA)
Purisimeño (USA)
Ventureño (USA)
Coahuilteco †
Comecrudan (United States & Mexico) (3) †
Comecrudo (a.k.a. Mulato or Carrizo)
Garza
Mamulique (a.k.a. Carrizo de Mamulique)
Coosan (2) † (This language has been moved to Penutian.)
Hanis
Miluk (also known as Lower Coquille)
Creole Language Family
Cotoname †
Eskimo–Aleut (7) (also called Eskaleut)
Aleut
Western-Central
Atkan
Attuan
Unangan
Bering
Eastern
Unalaskan
Pribilof
Eskimo(Yupik-Inuit languages)
Yupik (or Yup’ik)
Central Alaskan Yup’ik
Yugtun Alutiiq (Pacific Gulf Yup’ik)
Central Siberian Yupik (Yuit or Chaplinon and St. Lawrence Island)
Naukan
Qawiaraq(Seward Peninsula)
Chaplinski Sirenik † (viewed as an independent branch by some)
Inuit
Inupiaq or Inupiat (northern Alaska)
Inuvialuktun (western Canada)
Kangiryuarmiutun (Ulukhaktok sometimes listed as Inuinnaqtun)
Siglitun (Paulatuk, Sachs Harbour, Tuktoyaktuk)
Uummarmiutun (Aklavik, Inuvik from Inupiaq)
Inuktitut (eastern Canada)
Nunatsiavummiutut (Nunatsiavut)
Inuttitut (Nunavik)
Kalaallisut (Greenland)
Inuktun (Avanersuarmiutut)East Greenlandic (Tunumiit oraasiat)
Hokan (23)
Esselen-Yuman (10)
Esselen † (1)
Esselen (United States)
Yuman (9)
Cochimi (1)
Cochimi (Mexico)
Delta-Californian (2)
Cocopa (Mexico)
Kumiai (Mexico)
Kiliwa (1)
Kiliwa (Mexico)
Pai (1)
Paipai (Mexico)
River Yuman (3)
Maricopa (United States)
Mohave (United States)
Quechan (United States)
Upland Yuman (1)
Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai (United States)
Northern (12)
Karok-Shasta (4)
Shasta-Palaihnihan (3)
Palaihnihan (2)
Shastan (1)
Karok
Pomo (7)
Russian River and Eastern (6)
Eastern (1)
Russian River (5)
Southeastern (1)
Southeastern Pomo (United States)
Chimariko (United States)
Washo (1)
Washo (United States)
Iroquoian (11)
Northern Iroquoian
Lakes Iroquoian
Five Nations and Susquehannock
Seneca-Onondaga
Seneca-Cayuga
Seneca
Cayuga
Onodaga
Mohawk-Oneida
Oneida
Mohawk
Susquehannock †
Huronian
Wyandot (Huron-Petun)†
Neutral †
Erie †
Tuscarora-Nottoway
Tuscarora (seriously endangered)
Nottoway †
Southern Iroquoian
Cherokee
Kalapuyan (3) †
Karankawa †
Karuk
Keresan (2)
Eastern Keres
Western Keres
Kutenai
Maiduan (4)
Muskogean (9)
Western Muskogean
Chickasaw
Choctaw
Central Muskogean
Alabama (alternate name: Alibamu
Apalachee †
Hitchiti-Mikisaki
Koasati (alternate name: Coushatta)
Eastern Muskogean
Creek (alternate names: Muskogee, Maskoke, Seminole)
Na-Dene (47)
Haida (2)
Northern Haida (Canada)
Sothern Haida (Canada)
Nuclear Na-Dene (45)
Athapaskan-Eyak (44)
Athapaskan (43)
Apachean (6)
Kiowa Apache (1)
Apache, Kiowa [apk] (United States)
Navajo-Apache (5)
Eastern Apache (3)
Apache, Jicarilla (United States)
Apache, Lipan (United States)
Apache, Mescalero-Chiricahua (United States)
Western Apache-Navajo (2)
Apache, Western (United States)
Navajo (United States)
Canadian (13)
Beaver-Sekani (2)
Beaver(Canada)
Sekani (Canada)
Carrier-Chilcotin (4)
Babine-Carrier (3)
Babine (Canada)
Carrier
Southern Carrier(Canada)
Chilcotin (1)
Han-Kutchin (2)
Gwich’in(Canada)
Han (USA)
Hare-Chipewyan (4)
Sarcee (1)
Ingalik-Koyukon (3)
Ingalik (1)
Koyukon-Holikachuk (2)
Pacific Coast (9)
California (4)
Oregon (5)
Tahltan-Kaska (3)
Kaska (Canada)
Tahltan(Canada)
Tagish(Canada)
Tanaina-Ahtna (2)
Ahtena (USA)
Tanaina(USA)
Tanana-Upper Kuskokwim (4)
Tanana (3)
Upper Kuskokwim (1)
Tutchone (2)
Southern Tutchone(Canada)
Northern Tutchone(Canada)
Tstsaut(Canada)
Eyak (1)
Eyak(USA)
Tlingit (1)
Tlingit (USA)
Natchez †
Palaihnihan (2)
Plateau Penutian (4) (also known as Shahapwailutan)
Pomoan (7)
Salinan †
Salishan (23)
Shastan (4) †
Siouan–Catawban (19)
Siuslaw †
Solano †
Takelma †
Tanoan (7)
Timucua †
Tonkawa †
Tsimshianic (2)
Tunica †
Utian (15) (also known as Miwok–Costanoan)
Uto-Aztecan (33)
Wakashan (7)
Wappo †
Washo
Wintuan (4)
Yana †
Yokutsan (3)
Yuchi
Yuki †
Yuman (11)
Zuni
† = Extinct languages
Unclassified Languages:
Campbell et al. (2007) list the following extinct and nearly unattested language varieties of North America as unclassifiable due to lack of data.
Eyeish
Coree
Sewee
Cusabo
Shoccoree-Eno (see Eno people)
Pascagoula
Quinipissa
Opelousa
Pedee
Bayogoula
Okelousa
Congaree
Winyaw (see Winyaw)
Santee (see Santee tribe. distinguish Santee Sioux)
Okchai-Chacato (see Okchai, Chatot people)
Tequesta
Guale
Sanan
Yamasee
Akokisa
Avoyel
Tocobaga (see Tocobaga)
Houma
Neusiok (see Neusiok people)
Ubate
Cape Fear
Pensacola (see Pensacola people)
Bidai
Wateree (see Wateree people)
Mobile
Michigamea
Pakana
Saxapahaw
Keyauwee
Guachichil *
Suma-Jumano * (see Suma & Jumanos)
Huite *
Concho *
Jova *
Acaxee * (see Acaxee)
Xixime (Jijime) *
Zacatec * (see Zacatecos; perhaps the same as Acaxee)
Tahue *
Guasave *
Toboso * (see Tobosos)
* Ethnographic evidences suggests these varieties might have been Uto-Aztecan
Luiseño Indians
27 ViewsThe Luiseño language belongs to the Cupan group of Takic languages, within the major Uto-Aztecan family of languages. About 30 to 40 people speak the language.
Lassik Indians
26 ViewsThe Lassik belonged to the Athapascan linguistic family and were connected very closely with the Nongatl, who lay just to the north.
Kamia Indians (Kumeyaay)
22 ViewsThe Kamia Indians belonged to the Yuman stock of Powell now considered a subdivision of the Hokan family, their closest affinities being with the eastern Diegueno who were sometimes considered one tribe with themselves. Today, they prefer to be called Kumeyaay.
Modoc Indians
22 ViewsThe Modoc Indian territory extended into the northern part of California. With the Klamath, the Modoc constituted the Lutuamian division of the Shapwailutan linguistic stock of the Penutian language family.
Nicoleño Indians
24 ViewsThe Nicoleño were a Uto-Aztecan Native American tribe who lived on San Nicolas Island, California.
Hupa Indians
23 ViewsThe Hupa belonged to the Athapascan linguistic stock, forming one closely knit linguistic group with the Chilula and Whilkut.
Yokuts Indians
42 ViewsThe Yokuts Indians were originally considered a distinct linguistic family but have now been made a part of the large Penutian stock.
Yurok Indians
23 ViewsYurok is an Algonquian language. The Yurok Tribe is California’s largest Indian Tribe with nearly 5,000 enrolled members. The Yurok Indians are also known historically as the Pohlik-la, Ner-er-er, Petch-ik-lah and Klamath River Indians.
Tipai-Ipai Tribe (Kumeyaay)
25 ViewsDiegueno is a member language of the Yuman division of the Hokan language family. Tipai-Ipai is the common name since the 1950s of two linguistically related groups formerly known as Kamia (Kumeyaay) and Diegueno. Today, they once again prefer the term Kumeyaay.
Patwin Indians
23 ViewsThe Patwin formed the southernmost and most diverse dialetic division of the former Wintun (or Copehan) linguistic family, now considered part of the Penutian stock.
Serrano Indians
22 ViewsThe Serrano belonged to the Shoshonean Division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Wailaki
667 ViewsWith the Mattole, Lassik, Sinkyone, and Nongatl, the Wailaki spoke a Southern Athapaskan language.
Shasta Indians
26 ViewsThe Shasta Indians were one of four Shastan tribes, the other three being Konomihu, Okwanuchu, and New River Shasta. The Shasta Indians constituted part of the Shastan division of the Hokan linguistic stock.
Pomo Indians
22 ViewsThe Pomo were originally placed in a distinct linguistic stock (Kulanapan) but are now attached to the widely scattered Hokan family.
Miwok Indians
22 ViewsOriginally a distinct stock in the classificatory system of Powell, Miwok has now been made a subdivision of the Penutian linguistic family.
Wailaki Indians
22 ViewsThe Wailaki Indians belonged to the Athapascan linguistic stock and to the southern California group.
Wintu Indians
22 ViewsThe Wintu Indians were the northernmost division of the Copehan stock of Powell, later called Wintun by Kroeber (1932) and now regarded as part of the Penutian family.
Yuki Indians
22 ViewsThe Coast Yuki Indians believe themselves to be an offshoot from the Huchnom but linguistic examination seems to place them near the Yuki.
Tubatulabal Indians of California
22 ViewsThe Tubatulabal Indians originally lived in three autonomous bands: the Pahkanapil, Palagewan, and Bankalachi, or Toloim. Tubatulabal was a subgroup of the Uto-Aztecan language family.
Vanyume Indians
22 ViewsThe Vanyume Indians belonged to the Shoshonean Division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock. Their closest connections being probably with the Kitanemuk, and secondly with the Serrano.
Salinan Indians
22 ViewsFormerly considered a distinct linguistic stock, the Salinan Indians are now connected with the Hokan linguistic family.
Gabrielino Indians
22 ViewsThe nearest connections of the Gabrielino were the Fernandeno; both belonged to the California branch of the Shoshonean Division of the Uto-Aztecan stock.
Yahi Indians
22 ViewsThe Yahi Indians constituted the southernmost group of the Yanan division of the Hokan linguistic stock.
Cahuilla Indians
22 ViewsThe Cahuilla belonged to the southern California group of the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan stock.
Fernandeno Indians
22 ViewsThe nearest relatives of the Fernandeno were the Gabrielino and both belonged to the California section of the Shoshonean Division of the Uto Aztecan linguistic stock.
Atsugewi Indians
22 ViewsWith the Achomawi, the Atsugewi constituted the Palaihnihan or eastern group of the Shastan stock, more recently placed by Dixon and Kroeber (1919) in the Hokan family.
Tolowa Indians
23 ViewsThe Tolowa Indians constituted one of the divisions into which the California peoples of the Athapascan linguistic stock are divided, but they were closely connected with the Athapascan tribes of Oregon immediately to the north.
Huchnom Indians
22 ViewsThe Huchnom belonged to the Yukian linguistic stock, though resembling the Porno somewhat more closely in culture.
Halchidhoma Indians
22 ViewsThe Halchidhoma belonged to the Yuman branch of the Hokan linguistic stock and are said to have spoken the same language as the Yuma tribe and to have been closely connected also with the Maricopa.
Maidu Indians
22 ViewsFormerly considered an independent stock, the Maidu have now been placed in the Penutian linguistic family.
Whilkut Indians
23 ViewsThe Whilkut Indians belonged to the Hupa dialectic group of the Athapascan linguistic family.
Konomihu Indians
22 ViewsThe Konomihu was the most divergent of the Shastan group of tribes of the Hokan linguistic family.
Chemehuevi Indians
22 ViewsThe Chemehuevi were a part of the true Paiute and were associated with them and the Ute in one linguistic subdivision of the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Yuma Indians
24 ViewsThe Yuma were one of the chief tribes of the old Yuman linguistic stock, to which they have given their name, but their closest immediate relatives were the Maricopa and Halchidhoma. The Yuman stock is now considered a part of the larger Hokan family.
Chilula Indians
22 ViewsWith the Hupa and Whilkut, the Chilula formed one group of the Athapascan linguistic stock.
Kitanemuk Indians
22 ViewsThe Kitanemuk belonged to the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock and to a subgroup which included also the Alliklik, Vanyume and Serrano.
Esselen Indians
22 ViewsOriginally given the status of a distinct stock, the Esselen are now placed in the Hokan linguistic family, their affinities being rather with the Yuman division, to the south, and with the Porno, Yana, and other groups to the north than with their closer neighbors of this stock, the Salinan and Chumash tribes.
Mattole Indians
22 ViewsThe Mattole constitute one of the primary divisions of those Indians of the Athapascan stock living in California.
Sinkyone Indians
23 ViewsThe Sinkyone Indians were one of the tribes of the southern California group of the Athapascan family.
Nongatl Indians
22 ViewsThe Nongatl belonged to the Athapascan linguistic family and were closely connected with the Lassik.
Yana Indians
23 ViewsIn the early nineteenth century, the Yana lived in the upper Sacramento River Valley and the adjacent eastern foothills. The elevation of their territory ranged between 300 and 10,000 feet. The Yana Indians were originally considered an independent linguistic stock but are now placed in the larger Hokan family. Its four divisions were Northern, Central, Southern, and Yahi.
Wintun Indians
22 ViewsThe Wintun were formerly considered a part of Powell’s Copehan stock and the Wintun of Kroeber (1932) but are now placed in the Penutian family. Synonym for Wintu.
Dakubetede Indians
25 ViewsThe Dakubetede were an Athapascan tribe of Oregon which extended slightly beyond the northern border of California. The Dakubetede belonged to the Athapascan linguistic stock, using a dialect identical with that of the Taltushtuntude.
Okwanuchu Indians
22 ViewsThe Okwanuchu belonged to the Shastan Division of the Hokan linguistic stock.
Karok Indians
22 ViewsOriginally considered an independent stock, the Karok are now classed in a much larger linguistic connection known as the Hokan family. Their closest relatives are the Chimariko and Shasta.
Alliklik Indians
22 ViewsThe Alliklik belonged to the Californian group of the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, their closest relatives probably being the Serrano.
Juaneño Indians
22 ViewsThe Juaneño belonged to the Shoshonean branch of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, their speech being a variant of Luiseno.
Koso Indians
22 ViewsThe Koso formed the westernmost extension of the Shoshoni-Comanche branch of the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Chimariko Indians
24 ViewsOriginally considered a distinct stock, the Chimariko are now classed in the Hokan linguistic family.